THX Select and THX Ultra2 Certification General Questions

Q: Please provide a brief historical perspective of THX.

A: In the early 1980s, many commercial cinema auditoriums in the U.S. suffered from poor acoustics and had inadequate audio systems. Cinema loudspeakers hadn't seen improvements since World War II, audience viewing angles were poor, and outside noise interfered with the on-screen presentation. As new technology was revolutionizing the art of filmmaking, the cinema environment was being left behind.

George Lucas felt that he and his fellow filmmakers were wasting their time perfecting sound in the professional mixing room, when the audience would never experience their true vision the way it was intended. Because the filmmaking and presentation processes are so highly technical and have so many variables, Lucas believed that the cinema industry could benefit from a quality control system to deliver a consistent level of performance, across all theatre venues.

Lucas hired Tomlinson Holman, an audio scientist and now USC film school professor, to study cinema sound and construct the technical building and Stag Theatre at Skywalker Ranch. Holman's work would eventually lead to the first THX specs for commercial cinemas and, much later, for home theatre components. The new company was named after Lucas' first film "THX 1138" and Tomlinson Holman's eXperiment. THX was launched in 1983 to coincide with the premiere of "Return of the Jedi."

Today, THX Ltd. provides products and services that provide consumers with an experience "as the director intended." We also provide exclusive technologies and quality control services for companies in all aspects of the creation and presentation of entertainment content. Our customers are Hollywood studios, professional mixing facilities, video game developers, software duplication companies, theater owners, consumer electronics manufacturers, automobile manufacturers and home theater equipment manufacturers.

Q: What does it mean to be THX certified?

A: A mark of excellence in the entertainment industry, THX Certification promises consumers and media professionals that the certified venues they visit, and the certified products they purchase, have been evaluated and tested to meet the highest standards for picture and sound performance. THX is the only third-party company specializing in quality assurance programs and technologies for home theatre component manufacturing. The company's Home Theatre Certification programs provide consumer electronics manufacturers with independent analysis of home theatre products, as well as additional expertise for their design and engineering efforts. It ensures manufacturers' systems and components meet or exceed the industry's highest levels for performance-long before they make it into the hands of consumers.

To achieve THX Certification, home theatre products must meet or exceed our performance requirements under "normal" playback functions. For receivers and controllers, we also add patented post-processing features such as ReEQ, Timbre Matching, Adaptive Decorrelation, Adaptive Speaker Array and Boundary Gain Compensation. When a product switches video, we test it to guarantee that it does not degrade the signal. If a manufacturer claims that their product can switch HD, we test that, otherwise we test it for SD signals. THX Ltd. does not test for product longevity and we do not test "custom" or "DSP" modes such as Cathedral, Sports and room compensation.

Q: What exactly does THX qualify electronics for (IE. Electrical parameters, processing capabilities, functional, etc)?

A: All of our electronic specifications are what would be described as "good engineering practices." Taken one at time, none of our specs are too difficult to achieve by the manufacturer. However, the value to consumers is that we insure that all THX products interact properly with all other THX products. Because today's home theatre products are so extremely complex, THX always finds a way to help licensees make a better product and improve the consumer experience.

Q: Everyone is familiar with the buzz phrase "THX Certified" but we want to bring this mystery down to an easy-to-digest level. Can we talk about first, the different levels of THX certification, and then speak as specific as possible about what types of criteria are involved in achieving such certifications?

A: THX Select is a more affordable version of THX Certification. It is designed to play at reference levels in rooms of approximately 2,000 cubic feet,. THX Ultra2 is a 7.1-speaker extension of the original Ultra spec. Ultra2 is designed to work well with multi-channel music and movie presentations playing up to reference levels in rooms of 3,000 cubic feet or larger. Each certification requires components to produce high volume levels, to play at a low level of distortion, and to disperse sound in specific ways, as well as to have extremely low noise and behave in a stable and predictable way.

We have worked with most of our licensees for many years and on numerous products. When working on a product from a company accustomed to our requirements, we typically invest 40-60 hours in testing and correspondence before issuing certification. When working with a new licensee, we often invest 120-200+ hours per product before granting certification. What all this means is that the product performs and performs well. A $500 THX Certified receiver will have a very high level of performance, while a $4,500 THX Certified receiver will have even higher level of performance and will include whatever additional features the manufacturer chooses.

Q: Please fill in and/or update/expand the table below that compares all commercial levels of THX certification for receivers/processors, amplifiers, loudspeakers and audio/video cables.

A: My answers are only generalizations because THX licensees pay for these specifications, and company policy refrains me from providing more detailed information.

Category	Metric	THX Select	THX Ultra2
General	Current Technology
Receivers / Processors	5.1 Format	Minimum
	7.1 Format	Optional	Minimum
	Cinema Modes	THX Cinema	THX Cinema
	Music Modes		THX Music
	Bass Management	THX	THX
	Video Bandwidth	As Claimed	As Claimed
Receivers / Amplifiers	Amplifier Current Capability	Sufficient for Program	Sufficient for Program
	Signal to Noise Ratio	Good	Good
	Distortion	Low	Low
	Phase Margin
Loudspeakers	On-Axis Frequency Response
	Off-Axis Frequency Response
	Impulse Response
	Power Response
	Distortion
	Dynamics
Audio/Video Cables	Lumped Parameters	Good
	Characteristic Impedance (video)
	Insertion Loss
	RFI/EFI immunity
	Shielding methods

We were disappointed THX wouldn't share more specifications on their requirements for the metrics tabulated above due to their proprietary nature. However they assured us these are critical specifications they consider when certifying products.

Q: Does THX have minimal standards for the following metrics in home theater processors/receivers?

1. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ***Yes
2. Channel trim tracking error ***Yes
3. Bass management filter performance and functionality. ***Yes

Editor's Note: Bass management is one area where many licensees have difficulty getting it right the first time. By "right" we mean consistent across all combinations and functions.

Q: Something that is often talked about by consumers is whether or not THX Certification really has any relevance to the performance of a product. We'd love to have you talk a bit about how you perceive THX certification to impact a device's ability to accurately reproduce the movie-going experience.

A: Every THX Certified component is guaranteed to add to a system's ability to accurately present movies the way they were mixed by the filmmaker on the dubbing stage. Any piece of certified gear works perfectly well when used with non-certified gear. An image I like is one of a set of audio video windows between the consumer and the director sitting in the dubbing stage experiencing his finished work. Our job is to ensure each window in the chain is completely transparent.

The consumer experiences the work exactly as it was created. Some would say that their system is "better." We would say that a system can't present the content better than how the artist intended. This isn't to say that the consumer will like it or that they would prefer more bass or brighter colors.

The advantage of THX is that you can always go back to the original. Having the original as a reference gives the changes consistent meaning. THX doesn't care if you want more bass, you paid for the system and should listen to it in whatever way suits you. We do believe, however, that you deserve a consistent point of reference from which to depart. And that's what we provide.

Another way to say this is, that if something seems wrong, it's probably not the THX Certified component. This is a key and often overlooked point because, with modern high quality gear used within its designed limits, the room itself, the equipment setup and the calibration have much more influence on the sound than the inherent character of the equipment. This is not to say that the gear doesn't matter at all, it does, but a mediocre room or system setup will invalidate judgments about the gear by masking those differences.

THX Certification General Questions Continued

THX Speaker Type & Placement General Questions

Q: Please provide illustrations and guidelines for proper THX 5.1 and 7.1 speaker placement.

A: See the illustrative figures #1-3 below.

Since there are so many variables in residential environments, having a clear goal is every bit as important as the speaker layout recommendations. The goal is to envelope the seating area with sound that is the same for each listener and strikes a good balance between being immersed in the movie/performance and effective localization of movie special effects or discrete musical events. One should start with the recommended layout and make adjustments or positional changes as dictated by the room boundaries, seating locations, speaker types, etc.

Q: It is often asked by consumers why THX recommends placing the back channel surround speakers only a few feet apart. Can you please comment?

A: How one places the speakers depends on a couple of things. Our prime recommendation for consumers using components with THX Ultra2 Certification and looking for a single speaker arrangement for cinema and music is the following: two dipole speakers to the side and two direct radiators in the back touching side by side with the ASA circuit engaged at a distance less than one foot. (Figure 2). The ASA circuit takes the single back channel signal and using the two speakers makes it sound like one timbrally correct wall-to-wall sound. In THX cinema mode, the balance is as recorded. In THX Music mode, the sound is biased toward the back to mimic the ITU recommendations for 5.1 speaker placement in music recording situations.

Customers who are primarily interested in 5.1 music can use a slightly different approach. For example: two dipoles to the side and two direct radiators in back at plus/minus 150 degrees (Figure 3). For 5.1 movies, use the dipoles only. For EX or ES movies, use the dipoles plus the backs and if you have Ultra2, put ASA in the "back speakers > 3ft apart" mode. For 5.1 music, turn off the dipoles and use the back speakers only.

For movies, only use four dipoles as in Figure 1. With any of these systems, be careful that no one is sitting directly on axis and close to any of the speaker faces. Loud on-axis sound above 500Hz is very tiring to listen to when it's constant and outside of the field of vision.

Q: There are currently no true 7.1 discrete surround formats commercially available to the public. DTS ES is discrete 6.1 while DD EX is matrixed 6.1, what type of post processing does THX offer to expand these formats to 7.1?

A: You probably already know this, but it's good to keep in mind that matrixed back channel in EX is capable of the same frequency response and dynamic range as any of the 5 other discrete channels and needs to be treated to the same bass management and other types of post processing as the rest of the channels. THX directs this single source signal to the two back speakers equally or mixed with information from the side surrounds, or run through the ASA circuit depending on whether you have Select or Ultra2 products and the speaker configuration and choice of THX Cinema or THX Music. Once the system is installed, the consumer can choose between the two when listening to 5.1 material.

Q: Based on your responses above, we would like you to evaluate a new speaker type that we have had custom designed for us as applicable for achieving optimal performance while engaging THX post processing modes for 7.1 channel audio.

This design is based on a Bi-Polar/Di-Polar speaker and modified so that each woofer/tweeter section are independent to each other via two dedicated crossovers, and wired in phase. Each woofer/tweeter pair receives a dedicated amplifier and essentially takes the role of two speakers in one common cabinet.

Essentially this speaker is two 41-SE's in a common cabinet firing slightly off angle from each other. In the THX guidelines for back channel speaker placement commonly found in THX certified receiver/processor user manuals, they recommend placing the back channel speakers on the back wall slightly apart from each other. The RBH 44-SEB achieves this quite nicely, but manages to do so in one box

The RBH 44-SEB is a custom designed variant of their Bipole/Dipole 44-Signature SE speaker designed for Audioholics .com. It is electrically isolated and in-phase two channel speaker system in one enclosure making it easier to integrate 7.1 in a constrained room. RBH may offer this product for sale upon special request in the near future.

A: This approach would definitely give customers another reasonable choice in their search for solutions that balance envelopment and localizability in a wide variety of rooms. A customer using Ultra2 with ASA could feed each half of this speaker with one of the SB channels and have a very compact way to get a great sense of envelopment. Also, check out the Harman Dual Drive technology that uses a very similar approach. Citation and Fosgate have used it in commercial products.

Post Processing

Q: It is often more the case than not, that we find THX processing modes soften the front soundstage depending on the program material. Why doesn't THX provision for the option to disable or adjust the Re-EQing feature on the front three channels?

A: The ability to turn ReEQ on and off independently from the rest of the THX features is optional with the licensee. Numerous products offer it. The question one must always ask is "what did this sound like on the dubbing stage?" Technically and philosophically, only the original sound design as heard on the dubbing stage is "correct." Of course, the consumer should be free to have it any way they please, including too soft or too bright-but how would they know? Another question must be "how much rope does the average consumer need before they hang themselves up in confusion and take what may or may not be a reasonable presentation?" Different licensees make different choices.

Q: Why is THX so adamant about having only one source in a multi channel system producing bass below 80Hz while also having a fixed 80Hz global crossover setting? Our blind listening tests revealed that placing a subwoofer near a listener is localizable when crossed over above 60Hz (24dB/octave). In addition, many users enjoy large bass capable main speakers and prefer the advantages of stereo bass while also supplementing their speakers with a subwoofer and adjustable crossover setting. Higher crossovers limit where the subs can be placed to properly cross to the satellites and not be localizable.

Reference: Mating a Subwoofer with Bass Capable Speakers

A: Here's another of those "how much rope" questions. 80Hz is a very thoughtfully and scientifically chosen compromise, but is indeed compromised for some people in some situations. An interesting and useful experiment is to listen to a sub by itself, playing program material at various levels, moved from place to place with the crossover changed from point to point-all done blind. The listener cannot know ahead of time what he's listening to. Other crossover points can work just fine but place more restrictions on the system than 80Hz.

Some of the observations/issues are as follows:

Unless you're sitting right on top of it, a sub properly crossed at 80Hz, 24dB/octave and free of stray resonance, rattles, port chuffing, coil bumping and the like cannot be localized. 160Hz is the lowest frequency that is consistently localizable by most people in most situations.

Lower crossovers require larger screen speakers that load the room's bass modes at inflexible locations to the left and right of the screen. This makes it more difficult to get smooth bass in all the seats in the theater.

Larger speakers are sometimes more difficult to place properly in relation to the picture, particularly the center speaker, which is the most important speaker in movie sound.

Q: What are the differences between Cinema and Music Modes of THX?

A: THX Cinema mode is SL to SL, SB to SBL and SBR equally, SR to SR.

THX Music mode biases SL and SR to SBL & R. Mimicking the balance in an ITU 5.1 music setup.

Q: Why is the "Boundary Gain Compensation" feature limited to a 55Hz high pass filter, as opposed to an adjustable parametric EQ for higher flexibility and system integration where particular speaker placements and room modes adversely affect performance?

A: Again, it's the "how much rope" issue. In this case, you'll find some of the high-end manufacturers have heard your request and jumped into the fray with so-called "Room EQ" or "Room Calibration" auto or manual. In THX land, the BGC is a carefully chose compromise. It is our overwhelming experience that proper EQ of a system can be beneficial, but ONLY if the operator knows exactly what he's doing. Automated systems are mostly junk. Systems that provide EQ above 1K or so are mostly junk. Octave systems are junk. Lexicon and Meridian both have systems that are showing promise but we've not yet finished our evaluations. The Meridian system in particular has a prayer of improving the system rather than simply changing it.

Some rules of thumb follow:

• Use EQ only as the last step in calibration. Good speakers, properly located in a good room with properly located seating, should all come first.
• EQ in the bass region only. Usually < 200Hz
• Parametric is best, but 12 th octave can be somewhat useful.
• More than two sections of EQ per channel are usually too many.
• Cut only no boost.
• Steady state measurements such as RTA only reveal part of the problem and have only approximate correspondence to human perception.

Going Forward with THX

Q: What are the next steps for THX and how are they advancing and progressing with regards to the theatrical specification as well as the home theater specification?

A: We are deeply involved in Digital Cinema, but at this time we can't share our plans with you.

Q: Does THX have any plans to incorporate algorithms or standards for room correction.

A: We do have some new processing technologies, but not for room correction. Consistently successful room corrections are still best done in the room, not the electronics.

None of these are observations or guidelines are cast in stone rules to be followed blindly. They're the results of 12 years of experience in installing hundreds of systems and working closely with designers and installers who have installed thousands and thousand of systems. They work really, really well for the uninterested or uninformed customer.

Ultimately these are the THX performance goals for a good system:

• Clear dialog
• Precise sound localization
• Spacious, enveloping surround
• Even tonal balance
• Full dynamics
• Transparent system
• Every seat a good seat

THX Loudspeaker Placement Suggestions

Figure 1: In a larger room where film is the dominant medium this is our recommended arrangement.

Figure 1: Large Room Speaker Placement

Figure 2: In a room where the back speakers must be close to the listeners or where the listener wants one speaker set up for both movies and music Ultra2 electronics and the following speaker arrangement is best.

Figure 2: Common Set-Up for Music & Movies Ultra 2

Figure 3: In a case where the customer is willing to manually switch between side dipoles for film and ±150 degree direct radiators for ITU style film the following can be used. The back surround speakers can also be used for Surround EX film material. Care must be taken that the rear speakers are not too close to the rearmost listeners.

Figure 3: Multiple Configuration Mode for Cinema and Music