Loudspeakers & Power Ratings Part III: The Test Results
In parts one and two, I made a case for the idea that real power handling was intimately tied to the nature of the signal, as well as the electromechanical parameters of the speaker under test. We reviewed basic electrical concepts of power, relying on the universal concepts of Current, Voltage and Impedance in determining what the actual power delivered to the speaker load was, instead of the much more common method of calculating it by a knowledge of the voltage and nominal impedance only.
In Power Handling part three, I perform an experiment to determine if the underlying theory has merit, or if I am simply full of hot air. (Hot air is not good for either loudspeakers or authors.)
Today we will examine test results of three (3) samples of the same 6.5” midbass speaker provided with the courtesy and generosity of Axiom Audio. All three samples are tested to make sure they are normal in regards to their DCR (to be sure there are no shorted turns or large Impedance variations). All three drivers are subject to a sweep from 20 Hz to 5000 Hz to be certain that none of them are buzzing or rubbing so that we can ensure the samples are not defective prior to power testing them. Having decided I had 3 good samples, I hooked these small (but valiant) drivers to a QSC PLX3002 power amplifier, capable of delivering 550 watts per channel (stereo mode) into an 8 ohm load. I start at the modest level of 28.3 volts, or 100 watts into a nominal 8 ohm load, with one channel using white and the other pink noise. The signal is generated by Sound Tech Spectra RTA software (Version 1.32.16a) running under Windows 2000 on a Digital Audio Labs Cardelux Sound card. The balanced analog outputs of the Sound card are connected directly to the input of the QSC PLX3002 amplifier.
The speakers were wired with short lengths of 16 gauge stranded copper wire, and the voltage was measured at the amplifier terminals with a FLUKE model 45 five digit multimeter. This meter is one of the few that can actually give us true RMS readings without the caveat that the signal must be a 1000 Hz sine wave (Like most “True RMS” meters sold do).
6.5 Inch Woofer with 1
inch Diameter Voice Coil
When the speakers were subjected to the signal, I could tell immediately from the tonal characteristics, which was driven with pink versus white noise. Even deaf, if one looks at the drivers under test, the motion of the Pink noise driven speaker is considerably larger than the white noise driver under test. What is also obvious from this is the cooling of the VC (Voice Coil) caused by air passing across its surface while it pumps back and forth was far better on the speaker with pink noise than it was on the speaker with white noise.
WHITE NOISE OSCILLOGRAM
PINK NOISE OSCILLOGRAM
Both of these drivers were powered simultaneously and placed without an enclosure into the bottom of an empty speaker box with the front of the box facing up so the sound (and heat) emanate out of the box. The drivers are 6 inches apart so they are in a similar ambient temperature, in an air conditioned lab set to 72 degrees F. Although the voltage across both speakers was the same, if my proposed theory is correct, based on the impedance variations of a normal loudspeaker, and this one in particular (see below), the actual power delivered to the load by the pink noise should be much higher.
IMPEDANCE VARIATION VERSUS FREQUENCY OF SPEAKER UNDER TEST
If that is in fact the case, the pink noise speaker should perish first. As review, we can look again at the spectrum of white noise (equal energy per unit hertz) versus pink noise (equal energy per unit octave) below.
POWER SPECTRUM OF WHITE VERSUS PINK NOISE
Since white noise is weighted heavily towards high frequencies where the Impedance (AC resistance to flow of current) is very high in a typical woofer owing to voice coil inductance, then the actual power delivered will be much less than what is delivered with a signal having more low frequencies. Therefore with the same voltage, the Pink Noise speaker is actually receiving MORE power, and will therefore burn out sooner than the white noise speaker. (If my theory is correct).
After about ½ hour, the tonal characteristics of the speakers began to change. There was no smell of burnt VC, so I assumed this was a result of a large change in the DCR of the voice coils with its subsequent changes to the speakers frequency response. What was also clear from watching the speakers is how much more the white noise speaker was moving just a ½ hour after the beginning of the test compared to the beginning of the test. (Compliance increase due to break-in I theorize.)
After 45 minutes of cooking (I mean testing) the speakers at 28.3 volts without any evidence they were going to fail, I raised the signal input by 1db to 125 Watts to further stress them. I continued this 1db incremental rise in drive until one or both of the speakers failed. After 10 minutes at the 125 Watt RMS level, I notice the smell of VC was getting strong so I began checking in every 5 minutes to see the health of the patients. About 15 minutes into the 125 watt portion of the test, I started to hear a slight clicking noise. Free air testing with Pink Noise is a particularly brutal way to destroy a loudspeaker. In most instances (especially in the high-fidelity end of the speaker business) most speaker/box combinations are far more stiff than are the speakers alone in free air. The result is signals that will destroy the speakers in free air do not do so when the same exact speaker is fitted to a properly designed box. The box, especially in a sealed or closed box design, adds a great deal of stiffness to the suspension that is not available from the spider and surround alone. That stiffness results in far less excursion of the woofer at low frequencies and therefore less chance of self destruction from application of very low frequency energy.
After ½ hour at 125 watts, and no destruction, I raised the level of the signal by another 1 db to 160 watts. At this level, I was smelling burnt VC within the first 30 seconds and my belief was that we have reached the end of the line for at least one of the test participants. 15 minutes later, to my surprise, the burnt VC smell was still powerful, but more amazing is that both speakers were still going strong, and neither has of yet bit the dust. (Nor ignited the box stuffing!) (An examination of the failures after the fact reveals why this small loudspeaker would endure so much thermal energy, so please gentle reader, read on).
